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␈↓ α∧␈↓↓␈α(DUPLICATION OF HUMAN
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓␈α?␈α0PROGRAMMERS' ACTIONS
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α↓BY AN INTERACTING
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α+COMMUNITY OF
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓␈α?␈α?␈α→KNOWLEDGE MODULES



␈↓ α∧␈↓∧                                Douglas B. Lenat, B.A., M.A., M.S.
␈↓ α∧␈↓∧                                Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
␈↓ α∧␈↓∧                                Computer Science Department
␈↓ α∧␈↓∧                                Stanford University
␈↓ α∧␈↓∧                                Stanford, California 94305, U.S.A.

␈↓ α∧␈↓∧                                Phone 415-329-1031 or 415-497-4971






␈↓ α∧␈↓An␈α∩interacting␈α⊃community␈α∩of␈α∩knowledge␈α⊃modules␈α∩has␈α⊃been␈α∩constructed,␈α∩which␈α⊃is
␈↓ α∧␈↓capable␈α⊂of␈α⊂some␈α⊂limited␈α⊂duplications␈α⊂of␈α⊂complex␈α⊂human␈α⊂protocols.␈α⊂ Each␈α⊂module
␈↓ α∧␈↓has␈α⊂thirty␈α⊂distinct␈α⊂parts,␈α⊂the␈α⊂answers␈α⊂to␈α⊂the␈α⊂thirty␈α⊂queries␈α⊂one␈α⊂expert␈α⊂might
␈↓ α∧␈↓want␈α⊂to␈α⊂ask␈α⊂another.␈α⊂The␈α⊂precise␈α⊂set␈α⊂of␈α⊂parts␈α⊂is␈α⊂standard␈α⊂over␈α⊂all␈α⊂members␈α⊂of
␈↓ α∧␈↓the␈α∩community,␈α∪so␈α∩each␈α∪module␈α∩may␈α∪be␈α∩aware␈α∪of␈α∩the␈α∪possible␈α∩questions␈α∪it␈α∩can
␈↓ α∧␈↓put␈α⊗to␈α⊗any␈α⊗other.␈α⊗Some␈α⊗of␈α↔these␈α⊗parts␈α⊗deal␈α⊗with␈α⊗the␈α⊗transfer␈α↔of␈α⊗control,
␈↓ α∧␈↓since␈α≥the␈α≥community␈α≥is␈α≥delegated␈α≤all␈α≥power␈α≥and␈α≥all␈α≥responsibility␈α≤for
␈↓ α∧␈↓controlling␈α∪itself.␈α∪Other␈α∪parts␈α∪explain␈α∪what␈α∪the␈α∪module␈α∪does,␈α∪how,␈α∪why,␈α∩and
␈↓ α∧␈↓when␈α↔it␈α↔should␈α⊗act.␈α↔ The␈α↔community␈α⊗was␈α↔asked␈α↔to␈α⊗write␈α↔a␈α↔computer␈α⊗program
␈↓ α∧␈↓which␈α⊃␈↓βitself␈↓␈α⊃does␈α∩simple␈α⊃concept␈α⊃formation.␈α⊃ After␈α∩querying␈α⊃each␈α⊃other␈α∩and␈α⊃the
␈↓ α∧␈↓human␈α⊃user␈α⊃of␈α⊃the␈α∩system,␈α⊃the␈α⊃modules␈α⊃did␈α∩manage␈α⊃to␈α⊃generate␈α⊃such␈α∩a␈α⊃program.
␈↓ α∧␈↓In␈α∃the␈α∃course␈α∃of␈α∃this␈α∀research,␈α∃some␈α∃unexpected␈α∃problems␈α∃were␈α∀encountered,
␈↓ α∧␈↓and␈α→some␈α→new␈α→theoretical␈α→and␈α→experimental␈α→results␈α→were␈α→established.␈α_ The
␈↓ α∧␈↓specific␈α⊃modules␈α∩required␈α⊃are␈α⊃of␈α∩course␈α⊃dependent␈α⊃on␈α∩the␈α⊃nature␈α⊃of␈α∩the␈α⊃task.
␈↓ α∧␈↓Of␈α∪more␈α∪universal␈α∪substance␈α∀are␈α∪the␈α∪number,␈α∪identity,␈α∪content,␈α∀and␈α∪patterns
␈↓ α∧␈↓of␈α⊂interaction␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂modules'␈α⊂parts,␈α⊂and␈α⊂the␈α⊂problems␈α⊂which␈α⊂were␈α⊂discovered.
␈↓ α∧␈↓The major portion of this paper is therefore devoted to these topics.



␈↓ α∧␈↓␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α⊂␈↓¬November 12, 1974␈↓ T